The current situation is that in this encyclopedia, there is only a detailed introduction to species hybridization to produce new varieties (that is, gene mutations), and there is no detailed introduction to the genetic trend of species.
Even if there are beekeeping-the entry chapter, it is not easy to understand.
Therefore, for the game experience of everyone, I will make up for this tutorial.
And this tutorial is deliberately not considering mutation, so it is more true in some expressions
If you write a tutorial for the first time, if you have improper expression or do not match the facts, please be sure to point out.
If you want to understand the evolution (or gene mutations) of forestry, please read the following articles:
Forestry hybrid route map
Brief description of butterfly breeding and trees hybridization
[Data direction] Using tables and data to interpret forestry: Beekeeper
In addition, because this tutorial involves biology and some mathematical knowledge, it has some professional vocabulary, please learn (review) related content first, or look at it with a joy.
Then we start!
Genetic summary and theoretical foundation
Let's first review the definition of genetic and mutation:
There is a similarity between the sexual traits between the sub -generations or the pro -generation or the sub -dynasty, which is known as hereditary in biology.
There are differences between the sexual traits between the children and the pro -generation or the sub -generation, which is known as a mutation in biology.
The scientific hybrid principles are detailed in the law of separation and freedom combination.
I believe that everyone has drawn genetic illustrations, as shown in the figure:
This is the inlaid of the pea's stems, the different genotype hybrid genetic illustrations, the mildew memories.
Genetic illustrations are the main research tools of this tutorial, which can reflect the genetic process for us.
We now derive the theory:
First of all, a large number of experiments show that forestry authors have not written the principle of hybridization into the code, and replaced it with mathematical combination arrangements.
Arrangement refers to a column that takes M element from N elements and is ranked in a certain order.
In other words, two people from the three people: A, B, and C, there are six arranges of A, A, A, B, B, C, and C, and C.
It can be seen that this method (or noun?) Consider order.
In the above example, two of the three people were drawn out, and all of them were in total, a total of 6 types.
In fact, we define the number of arranges composed of M elements from n elements to the number of arranges (Number of Arrangement), which is recorded as
The calculation formula is:
This exclamation meaning means that the step (n! = 1 × 2 × 3 × .... × n, and define 0! = 1), not used to enhance the sigh of tone.
Compared to the combination, it does not consider order.
Similarly, the combination also has Number of Combining, which is recorded from the number of combinations of the M element from the N elements as
The calculation formula is:
Generally speaking, normal hybridization should consider combinations rather than arrangement, and we need to use arrangement. Although the "combination" has been hung up in my tutorial for a month, no high school boss pointed out.
This means that the genetic genetic inheritance of this module is considered in order.
In normal hybridization, every two different types must be explicitly explicit in each two different types, so when any two different genes are paired, the order has been determined, so the order is not considered, it is a combination.
Forget it, it is useless to say more, directly.
(Don't spray it, draw yourself)
It can be seen that which gene is in the front, which is the explicit gene.
This also explains the phenomenon of hiddenness when a gene is explicit.
But please note that the traits discussed here do not include gender. In the original forestry version and some affiliated modules, plants have no gender distinction.Essence
In the figure above, the combination of two different genes can form two groups of genotypes, so we continue to derive all possible situations.
By the way, the author refers to this magical genome of Anti-MENDELIAN HYBRIDIZATION.
Below, define the probability of the trait of gene n, P (n) as the probability of the prodigal nature N.
And only for one trait, other traits will not cause interference and are independent.
At the same time, the author will use the formula of the arrangement of the arrangement to calculate the possibility of each situation
1. Pure breed hybridization
The genotypes of the pro -generations are AA, which makes them hybridization
Enthusiastic: two -homicide combination
Conclusion: The sub -gene must be AA, that is, p (a) = 1
Two, two genes of similar interlaced hybridization
First interpret the type name. "Two genes" refers to the only two genes between the pro -generations in the same traits.
Let's set up pro -generation genotypes A 1 a 1 , A 1 A 2
Essential: hybrid process is shown in the figure
At this time, there are four kinds of germ cells (A 1 , A 1 , a 1 , a 2 ), Two types of Zi Dai are arranged, and the number of arrangements is
Among them, there are 9 types of arrangement of A 1 and in the front arrangement. There are 3 types of arranged in front of A 2 , so it shows A 1 The probability of 9/12 = 0.75, and the probability of A2 is 3/12 = 0.25a 1 a 1 The probability is 0.5, A 1 A 2 The probability of combining is 0.5. In the latter case, the probability of A 1 and showing A 2 each accounts for 0.5, and the calculation resultsMatch
Conclusion: There are three types of genotypes in the sub -Dai, and A 1 A 1 : a 1 A 2 : A 2 a 1 = 2: 1: 1
That is, p (a 1 ) = 0.75, P (A 2 ) = 0.25
Third, two genes of differentiated hybrids
"Different differences" means that the genotypes of the pro -generations are mixed in the same traits,
The agency genotypes are A 1 a
Essential: hybrid process is shown in the figure
Among them, there are 6 types of arranges in the front of A 1 , and there are 6 types of arranged in front of A 2 , which is calculated from the formula of the arrangement.> 1 The probability of 6/12 = 0.5, and the probability of showing A 2 is 6/12 = 0.5
Conclusion: There are four types of genotypes, and A 1 A 1 : A 1 A 2 : A 2 a 1
That is, p (a 1
Fourth, the second gene is also hybrid
"Tong Tong" refers to the situation where the pro -generation is in the same traits, both sides are pure breeds.
Let's set up pro -generation genotypes a Substantial: still look at the picture This is the easiest map of the second gene, which contains 6 types of A 1 and there are 6 types in front of them, including A 2 and there are 6 types in the front arrangement in total in 6 kinds of 6 types., The probability that the probability of showing the probability of showing A 1 is 6/12 = 0.5, and the probability of showing A 2 is 6/12 = 0.5 Conclusion: There are two types of genotypes of the subclase, and A 1 A 2 : A 2 A 1 = 1: 1 That is, p (a 1 a 1
1
Five, three genes single and mixing
The "three genes" refer to the situation where there are only three genes in the same type in the pro -generation.Miscellaneous, used in this article to describe the combination of multiple genes
Let's set up pro -generation genotypes A 1 A 1 , A 2 A 3
Essential: three different genes mixed, belonging to the common phenomenon in this module, the process is shown in the figure
The number of arrangements is still 12. At this time, there are 6 types of arranged in the front of the previous arrangement, including A 2 and the front arrangement in total, including A 2 There are 3 types of 3 and in the front, so the probability of showing A 1 is 6/12 = 0.5, and the probability of the probability of A 2 is3/12 = 0.25, the probability of A 3 is 3/12 = 0.25
Conclusion: There are four types of genotypes, and A 1 A 2 : A 1 A 3 : A 2 a 1
That is, p (a 1
Six or three genes against the same mixing
"Paying the same" refers
Let's set up pro -generation genotypes a 1 a 2 , A 2 A 3 Note: Repeated base here hereBecause A 2 , the front is a 1 . Please distinguish the repeated gene when calculating, and then set it into the formula for calculation
Essential: such as genetic map
At this time, there are 3 types of arranges in the front of A 1 and arranged in the front, including A 2 and in the front arrangement in total, including a 3 before, so the probability of showing A 1 is 3/12 = 0.25, and the probability of the probability of A 2 is 6/12 = 0.5.A 3 probability of 3/12 = 0.25
Conclusion: There are seven types of genotypes in the sub -dynasty, and A 1 a 2 : A 2 A 1 : A 2 a 2 : a 1 a 3 : a
That is, p (a 1 ) = 0.25, P (a 2 ) = 0.5, P (A 3 ) = 0.25
Seven, four genes mixed
"Four Genes" means that in the same traits, the parent genotype has four genes, that is, both sides are mixed -race, and the genes in the genotypes are different
Let's set up pro -generation genotypes A 1 a 2 , A 3 A 4
Enthusiastic: This situation is the most common, and there is no need to draw maps, just enumerate
At this time, there are 3 types of arranges in the front of A 1 and in the front, including A 2 and the front arrangement in total, including a 3 and in the front, including a 4 and in the previous arrangement in total, so the probability of showing A 1 is 3/12 =0.25, the probability of A 2 is 3/12 = 0.25, the probability of the probability of 3/12 = 0.25 in A 3 3/12 = 0.25
Conclusion: There are eight types of genotypes in the sub -generations, and any two genes can form two groups of genotypes. Each group of genotype probability is equal.
That is, p (a 1 ) = 0.25, P (a 2 ) = 0.25, P (a 3 ) = 0.25, P (a 4 ) = 0.25
The above is all situations, which are listed.
in conclusion:
In Forestry, when two of the same species of biological hybridization, the same tragic gene:
When the purebred hybridization, the sub -generations are purebreds
When the two genes are hybridized, if the number of two genes of the pro -pro -generation is equal, the sub -sexual traits are displayed and the probability of the two generations is equal.
When the three genes are mixed, the probability of the three sexual traits of the sub -generation is always 2: 1: 1. If the number of genes is large, the probability is large
When the four genes are mixed, the four traits are equal to the sub -generations
Calculate the necessary precautions
I, as the author of this tutorial, boldly stated here:
Whenever you have seen the above content, you can roughly clear the forestry hybrid hereditary mechanism.
Therefore, if you do n’t understand, you do n’t have to spray it for the time being, and you can read it a few times.
But many players will not count in the actual application process.
Therefore, people list several commonly used formulas so that everyone can calculate the expected calculations.
If you want to ask for a rough number of a character (or a genome) in the son, the formula is:
C (quantity) 总A (total number) × p (single probability, see the above table)
If you want to ask for the probability of at least n individual traits (or a genome) in the sons, the formula is as follows:
Among them, the middle and lower bid I = N means that the minimum value is taken n, and the middle and upper bid A means I maximum A, and the "M" crossing is read as "Sigma". The function is(Including the upper and lower bounds) All algebraic computing computing in all the integer values.
can't read?It is actually equivalent to the right, just a more rigorous expression (after all, the right style of A = N+1 is not correct).
If you want to ask for the probability of N non -opposite characteristics in the sons, the formula is as follows:
Most of the symbols are consistent with the meaning of the upper style. The Greek letters are PI, that is, the form of π, which is similar, but it is only a single genetic (or gene) single genetic genetic (or gene) single genetic inheritance.Probability, N type.
If you want to show up the number of non -relative traits at the same time, you must solve the compound with the three forms and the one, and the results of the three forms are about to be calculated.If you want to ask for the probability of at least Ps, a personality of the Q class in the Q, or the probability of a class (or a genome containing a type of Q), you must solve the third and second forms, and the three -type result will be substituted into the two -type calculation.
What?Still a higher -level compound formula?
In my opinion, the number of Yizi generations is not enough to support such a high -level compound formula, and the monarchs should not be used. Even if they are used, they can be derived by themselves. After all, the basic formula has been written.
What?Do you want the calculation formula of the N generation?
In the forestry, only the research of pro-generation and sub-generations is the most valuable, because the characteristics of the child N generation depend on the sub-(N-1) generation, so the monarchs can fully follow the results of the first two generations.The quantity is a bit bigger, and the students cheer (Bi Daoyin).
What?Also consider the calculation formula of mutation?
I can only say two words:
I am convinced that it has a wonderful model, but it is too small here to write.
Whenever you will stole the code (not specifically referring to a domestic sandbox game), you will not ask this question. Please go to more than 20 folders of the forestry module and find secrets in tens of thousands of code.
If you have some calculations, welcome to the civilized exchange of the comment area below, or to see what you have wrong with the textbooks and the above formula.
Finally, a very important thing is that if the above expression or formula is wrong, please feedback in the comment area below.
Practical test and application
(I am a placeholder)
Conclusion
Full text summary
This article mainly discusses that in the Forestry module, the genetic trend of species, in different cases, the trait and genetic distribution of the subdivine.Through comparison inquiry, we understand that in normal hybridization, species genes are distributed in accordance with the combination of combination, and in this module, the species gene is distributed in accordance with the arrangement of arrangement, and the arrangement of the arrangement of the arrangement is used to draw the non -Memoder style.Genetic maps, calculating the probability of acquisition of various traits and genotypes on generations, gives a certain calculation method so that players can make roughly expected calculations.Finally, we have experimented for the above models and formulas to perform experiments and verify, and in (occupying) experiments.For the model, in the (occupied) sub -sample, most of the test results are similar to the model, but there are errors (occupied) errors. After multiple tests, we find that the more the number of tests is, the more the results are closer.The correctness of this model.For the formula, we have drawn the genetic flow chart of (occupying) for the code, and we have a total (occupy) Zhang. By analyzing the flowchart, we determine the accuracy of the formula.In addition, we also provide players with application examples for the actual scenes and problems of (occupying) for players for comparison.
Outside tutorials
Note: There is no relationship with the tutorial in this paragraph, you can directly skip the comment area below, but I hope you can read it
After two months of hard work, I finally wrote the general framework of this tutorial.
The following paragraph is a precious information before the test:
Emmmm .....
As you see, there is nothing here.
On the eve of the reign of the reign at this time, he did not have too much energy to enter the game for experimental verification.
And the starter also had a failure ...
..... Okay, I will come back to draw these words when I have time on vacation.
Please look forward to it.
I still say that, just look at it.
This tutorial was written by my mental and flesh. During this time, stomach pain and diarrhea were already commonplace. It was often just two hours of night. I got up the next day and it would have a headache.
I once thought that I had already suffered from depression. Every day and night, I couldn't help talking to the empty -my fantasy person, talking to someone who had only one side, and did not know how many years I did n’t know how many years.I spoke.
Under such circumstances, insisting on writing tutorials is completely out of love.
Love science, love research, and love this harmonious community.
When I was in the winter solstice, I took three hours on the outdoor station to verify the high angle model of the solar. In order to calculate the trajectory of the toss movement under the wind, I learned the calculus from scratch.From the noun to the grammar to the punctuation, the books are turned around, and repeatedly modified more than 20 times.Mathematicalization really has a magical magic. It can make some people annoying science and science forever, and also make some people always love science.
I have heard that my friend pushed the window and said that his class is only lies and violence all day long.It is a preface. He wrote for the Encyclopedia and was completely spontaneous.This is why I decide to write a tutorial.
In fact, the author of each tutorial can be regarded as a scientific researcher, and the most important thing is to seek truth from facts.
Seeking truth from facts is to tell the truth.Just four words, many people lost their lives for this.A classmate who revealed bullying was eventually bullied to death; a reporter who disclosed the corporate scandal was finally thrown into the wilderness; a public official who insisted on his position died of stress.
With so many examples, we can't count it. I can tell me a brief storytelling and give my life to seek truth.
A long time ago, the Mediterranean coast was an academic sacred place, but a person named Hipasos, who was brave to pursue truth, was thrown into the sea by Bidorlas students.He found unreasonable numbers and discovered an counter -examples that violated the truth of their teachers, so he couldn't continue to live. The scholars murdered it, and then disguised as a warrior who defended the truth. I don't know how readers think.In the future for hundreds of years, there is Copernicus. He did propose "the sun theory" based on strict derivation. It is no doubt that this is another theory of religion and old knowledge.Shortly after the Holy See's arrest, he died of poverty.The Holy See did not harm Corbini, but killed Bruno and was harmed in Galileo. Two people dared to resist the old forces.
In 1946, the great democratic warrior Li Gong Pu and Wen Yiduo. In order to fight for democracy and peace, the re -opening of the CPPCC meeting, one after another has been poured under the muzzle of the agent."He just spoke with his mouth, wrote in his pen, and what he wrote, what he said, is nothing more than a Chinese who has not lost his conscience."Although they are not scientists, they are all dedicated to truth.
In summary, I think that everyone who is writing for people, everyone who seeks truth from facts is worthy of admiration.
For those who are paid for everyone, they must not freeze them in the snow!
For those who lead everyone, they must not make them trapped in thorns!
I believe that justice cannot be killed, because the truth will always exist!
The most precious thing is life.Everyone's life is only once.A person's life should be spent like this: when looking back, he will not regret it because of his years of age, nor will he be ashamed of inaction.At the end of his life, he could say, "I dedicate all my life and energy to the most magnificent cause in the world -fight for human liberation."
—— Ostrovsky "How is Iron and Steel Refined"
Thank you all for seeing here. I understand that this kind of thing is very water and useless, but it can be said that the source of the power of life in my sixths of life. I believe that this power can promote more people to promote more peopleHope, heart is bright.After all, I hope that in any era, it is as precious as diamonds.
Also: I hope you do n’t press the recommended button. The tutorial is written to the person in need. If anyone really needs it, he will definitely come to find himself.Here is Jiang Tai Gong, and the line is long.
Gratitude
Suddenly, I suddenly ended, but I didn't know who to thank.
Then---
Thanks to the webmaster's birth, I answered my questions in a timely manner. The formulas and hybrid genetic illustrations of this article are posted by the head of the webmaster.
Thanks to Brother Pushing the window, in the writing process of this article, I gave me technical support and writing examples. The beginning of this article refers to the history of Pushing Brother's straight -line intersection equation to find the history of the fortress and the primitive people.
Thanks to Brother Zerry for giving me theoretical support during the writing process. In this article, the "equal gene" and "law of freedom combination" and "separation law" were told me by Brother Zirui.
Thanks to the sister of Gaba, for taking the puppet of the puppet in theoretical research. A liberal arts woman listened to me about higher mathematical knowledge every day at noon every day, and she suffered from a sister.
Thanks to Sister Xia, as the first commentator of the article, in the early days of the model construction, I gave me the motivation of continuous trial and error and continuously modified until the molding.
Thanks to (CCT Amber Gold), providing me with a linear algebra's practical application model, and providing direction and ideas for my next study.
Thanks to Yali for being sour, and provided me with a little joy in my leisure time, so that I would not be too closed and depressed.
Thanks to the Module Encyclopedia, I sent my boring time for nearly five years, so that I met a lot of fans (I entered the station in 2018).
Thanks to station B and recommended me many high -quality courses for higher mathematics, university physics, fluid mechanics, and tutorials for picking code and module.
Thanks to the teaching community for providing all mathematical electronic textbooks from elementary school to high school -university.
Thanks to the formula editor, there will be no conjunction and connection fabrics without it, as well as the same column and multi -level bidding.
Finally, thank you yourself, do you want to thank you for every cell?
I almost forgot the most important thing-
Special thanks: All readers who have read the tutorial, I hope you will be better tomorrow.
Reference information
Jinan Publishing House "Compulsory Education Textbook Biology"
The continuation of the fourth unit species
Chapter 4 Genetic and Mutation of Biology
Section 1 Hereditary material basis
Section 2 of the Heritage
Section 4 The mutation of creatures
People's Education Press "Must -Complex 2 of General High School Textbooks 2"
Chapter 1 Discovery of Genetic Factors
People's Education Press "General High School Textbook Mathematics Compulsory (A Edition)" Chapter 10 probability
10.1 Random event and probability
10.2 The independence of the incident
People's Education Press "General High School Textbook Mathematics Selective Compulsory (A Edition)"
Chapter 6 The Principle of Counting
6.2 arrangement and combination
Chapter 7 Random Variable and its distribution
7.2 Discrete and random variables and its distribution columns
Push the window "On how to use two last shadows to find the end -to -ground portal -research on the problem of finding coordinates based on the linear equation"
Push the window "Qunluan Player Evolution History -Qunluan Legend: Fully Tutorial in the secondary era"
